This Paper considers the ramifications of homosexual characters disrupting the Chinese heteronormative power paradigm when they serve in the military. These stories address the ambiguous sphere of homosociality in the Chinese military experience by featuring tongqhi as men serving in China's national army, playing with the dual identification of tongqhi associated with both military comrades and gay men. Īs a sub-genre of online Comrade Literature, Military Comrade Stories from mainland China stand out as a body of fiction that is direcdy concerned with the ramifications of social control in Chinese sociery. These fiction renegotiate the boundary between heterosexual and homosexual behaviors, establishing a unique tongzhi identity that is at once assimilated into yet differentiated from mainstream Chinese heteronormative society to challenge hegemonic norms. Collectively, these four works span a stylistic and temporal timeline that reflect developments in the tongzhi subculture on the Mainland. The three chapters in this thesis will each examine distinct aspects of China’s Comrade Literature: 1) gender performance in same-sex romance narratives, 2) homosexual abjection in Comrade bildungsroman, and 3) the continuum of homosocial and homosexual intimacy in military Comrade fiction. A close analysis of four online Comrade stories focuses on the representation of male same-sex relations, turning a critical eye to the logics of these texts as tongzhi write out of a heteronormative milieu. In addition to providing a catalyst for the local tongzhi subculture, Comrade fiction in Mainland China capitalizes on new media platforms to present same-sex desire to the broader public. This thesis contends that online Comrade stories are not simply an expression of an underground Chinese gay culture they are complex cultural texts with deeper meanings as a site of queer resistance facilitating the intersection of homosexual and heterosexual subjectivities. There are now hundreds and thousands of stories designated as “Comrade Novels” (同志小说 tongzhi xiaoshuo) archived on various Chinese websites. Although Comrade Literature first emerged in Hong Kong and Taiwan in the 1980s, it was only after the mid-1990s with the advent of the internet that these gay-themed fiction were disseminated online in Mainland China. He adds that the brothers have maintained ties with her out of respect for their parents, but now that both their parents have died, Chang says he does not "rule out the possibility of cutting ties if need be".This thesis considers Comrade Literature (同志文学tongzhi wenxue), a genre of contemporary Chinese homosexual (tongzhi) fiction, as it has emerged on the internet in Mainland China. "Her debts are like an endless hole, we have been helping her pay it off from since we were young, it will never be enough." While Fei himself has not made a public statement about his sister, Chang made it clear that his brother does not side with her. "For example, if he was in Singapore for 15 days for shows, all that money goes to her," Chang says. His brother Fei, 64, who has retired from singing after his final concert tour ended in January, also used to hand over all his earnings from his overseas shows to their sister. We have had enough, we cannot let her stamp her feet on our familial ties like this any more."Ĭhang also says that she should quit being a nun if she cannot give up material possessions and insist on staying in the jewellery trade. He adds: "She has to start dealing with this herself.
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